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最佳答案 - 由投票者2008-06-13 00:00:33选出

Electronic funds transfer
Electronic funds transfer (EFT) is one of the oldest EPSs and is used for transferring money from one bank account to another without any paper money changing hands. Customers, companies, and government agencies use EFT for all kinds of applications. EFT is considered to be a safe, reliable, and convenient way to conduct business. Direct deposit is used for payroll, travel, and expense reimbursements, annuities and pensions, dividends, and government payments such as social security and veterans benefits. Other types of EFT are frequently used for bill payments, retail purchases, Internet purchases, corporate payments, and treasury management, and for the disbursement of food stamps and other government cash assistance.
In broad terms EFT refers to any transfer of funds initiated through an electronic terminal, including credit card, ATM and Point-of-sale (pos) transactions. It is used for both credit transfers, such as payroll payments, and for debit transfers, such as mortgage payments.
Most EFT transactions are conducted through the Automated Clearing House (ACH) system, which was developed over thirty years ago as an alternative to the paper check system. This system is ideal for large volume, batch-processed payments. The ACH system supports numerous payment applications including direct deposit, consumer bill payment, and corporate trade transactions.
The growing popularity of EFT for one line bill payment is paving the way for a paperless universe where checks, stamps, envelopes, and paper bills are obsolete. The benefits of EFT include reduced administrative costs, increased efficiency, simplified book keeping, and greater security. However, the number of companies who send and receive bills through the Internet is still relatively small.
Three of the major systems in current use are The Society for World unide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT), which operates as a global system, Fedwire and CHIPS, which are the two major US-based systems. The Federal Reserve's Fedwire funds transfer service, primarily used for U.S domestic payments, is a real-time, gross settlement system in which the Federal Reserve guarantees payments to the receiver of the funds. CHIPS (Clearing House Interbank Payment System), a private-sector multilateral netting organization, is used mainly to settle the U.S dollar side of foreign exchange transactions. We will introduce SWIFT, a global EFT system, in more detail below.
电子资金转账 (下称：电子转账)
电子转账是最早的电子支付系统之一, 通常不通过任何手工纸币交换，由一间银行向另一间银行进行现金转账。顾客，公司和政府机构使用电子转账几乎无处不在。电子转账被公认为是一种安全、可靠、方便的交易管理方式。直接储蓄使用其支付薪金、差旅费、杂费清付、养老金和抚恤金、派息、及政府机构支付，例如社会保险和长者福利。其它类型的电子转账被频繁地使用于支付账单、零星采购、网上购物、公司支付和债券管理，还用于支付综合援助金以及其它政府的现金补助。
电子转帐内容广泛,仅通过一个电子终端启动任意资金过户程序，包括信用卡、自动提款机和电子收款系统交易。通常被用于双向信贷转账，例如薪金支付和抵押支付方式的借贷转账。
绝大多数电子转账是通过自动化交易系统管理，其作为手工单据清算系统外的另一种选择，由三十多年前发展至今。此系统适合于大量、批次处理支付程序。自动化交易系统可以处理众多的支付申请，包括直接储蓄，消费账单支付和团体贸易交易。
只需要一条通讯线的电子交易的流行和普及，为无纸作业领域提供了条件，原来那些需要支票、邮票、信封和单证票据的运作均变为历史。电子转账还得益于减少行政开支、提高效率、简化簿记并且十分安全。然而，许多公司通过互联网进行收支电子交易数量仍相对较少。
目前，三个主要的电子转账交易系统是，世界银行间的金融电信协会（SWIFT），一个全球性的操作系统；联邦在线（FEDWIRE）和世界银行间的支付系统交易所（CHIPS），后者主要是起源于美国的两个系统。联邦储备局的联邦在线基金转账服务（FEDWIRE），最初用于美国的国内支付系统，是一个实时的，总的支付系统，联储局用此系统给资金接受者兑现支付。支付系统交易所（CHIPS），一个私营成份，多边的网络机构，通常侧重于美元外汇交易。我们将一个全球性的电子转账交易系统，世界银行间的金融电信协会（SWIFT）更为详细的介绍如下：
SWIFT
SWIFT incorporated in Belgium, is a co-operative owned by over 2800 banks from around the world including over 150 from the United States. It was funded in the early 1970s, and operates a network that processes and transmits financial messages among members and other users in 137 countries. Today, in addition to its 2,800 member banks, SWIFT users include both sub-members and participants such as brokers, investment managers, securities deposit and clearing organizations, and stock exchanges.

SWIFT messages convey information or instructions between financial institutions: messages are formatted and contain information about the originator, purpose, destination, terms and recipient. The largest use of SWIFT is for payment messages, through which one institution transmits instructions to another to make payment messages are used to confirm the details of a contract entered into between two users, such as a foreign exchange trade or an interbank deposit placement. For securities, SWIFT messages can transmit order to buy or sell, or convey instructions concerning delivery and settlement.
SWIFT is near real-time service. Although it is based on a store-and forward architecture, messages and file transactions are processed immediately and, if the sender and receiver are both connected online, a message transfer typically takes less than 20 seconds, even for international message transfers. SWIFT provides a financial guarantee for the delivery of all messages sent over its network. It has a Responsibilities and Liability Policy, under which it assumes financial liability for direct interest losses resulting from authenticated payments or transfers that it fails to deliver. There is a full audit trail, and the system is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
世界银行间金融电信协会 (下称：世界金融电信协会)
世界金融电信协会成立于比利时，一个包括超过150间美国银行在内的全世界2,800多间银行所拥有的合作组织。它成立于七十年代早期，在137个国家的成员和用户中传送金融信息进行网络运作。今天，它的成员银行已超过2800家，世界金融电信协会的用户包括其成员和外围成员，例如经纪人，投资管理人，有价证券储蓄和清算机构和股票交易所。
世界金融电信协会的信息主要传达金融机构间的信息和指引，这些信息被制度化，并且其中含有包括交易者、目的、目的地、条款和结算者等信息。采用最多的是世界金融电信协会的支付信息，通过一个机构传送指令到另一个机构，以令到支付信息被应用于确认两个用户间的一个合同的细节，例如，一个外汇交易，一家银行储蓄状况。对于有价证券，其信息能传送买卖的指令，或传送有关交割和处理的指令。

世界金融电信协会是接近于实时服务的系统。尽管它以一种存储和传送体系为基础，如果发送者和接受者同时在线的情况下，交易的信息和文件被即时处理，一个信息的典型传递至少需要20秒钟，即使是国际信息传送亦如此。世界金融电信协会提供了一项金融承诺——利用它的网络送出全部信息。它具有在责任与义务的原则指引下，评估鉴别有关支付或传送信息失误产生的金融责任的功能。它具有全套查账索引功能，而且，此系统每日24小时运作，每周七天全天候提供服务。